I’m continuing to post anything I write for my New Testament class at UK- just for a change of pace on the old blog. I do way too much politics and Amy Adams on here anyway.
And so, my latest creation. It’s quite a bit longer assignemen than the first one- enjoy. Oh and for the record, I hate the closing paragraph.
The episode known as “The Healing of the Paralytic” depicted in the Synoptic Gospels reveals much about the Christology of the Gospel writers, including their truth-claims regarding the purpose of Jesus’ ministry, his possession and wielding of spiritual as well as earthly authority, and their approaches to illustrating these truth-claims. Indeed, modern scholarly discussion regarding these unique literary works, which tends to accentuate the differences between the Gospels, finds fertile ground within the notably contrasting contexts of the accounts, and all of the generally accepted assumptions regarding the uniqueness of each evangelist’s Christological paradigm are demonstrable.
Disregarding certain details, the pericope unfolds in each of the Gospel accounts essentially the same way. Jesus is recently come “to his own town” (Mat 9:1) of Capernaum, and some persons bring to him a “paralyzed man on a bed” (Luk 5:18). Interestingly, Jesus observes the faith not of the man but of the man’s friends, and proceeds to tell the man “your sins are forgiven” (Mar 2:5). The Jewish leaders who are present believe Jesus’ words are blasphemous because only God can forgive sins, but Jesus is not done. Having “perceived” their thoughts, Jesus challenges them, saying the exact same words in all three accounts, “Which is easier, to say, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Stand up and walk’? But so that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins-”. Jesus dramatically turns to the paralytic and continues by telling the paralytic to get up and go home, and oh by the way- be sure to take your mat with you. The people gathered around praise God for this miracle, and the scene comes to a close.
Mark’s Gospel seems to have been written to chronicle or perhaps even define an accepted Christology of the first century Christian community, and its intention is therefore theological rather than historical biography. Mark makes claims about Jesus’ nature and ministry that are still being defined in this early sequence of his narrative, as is the general outline of Jesus’ characteristics. Unmentioned in the other Gospels is the fact that Jesus was “at home” (2:1), i.e. in his house, and this lends weight to the view that the Markan Christ is one who is a private person, or at least an unwilling public figure, especially at this point in his life. Also lending weight to a private Jesus is the episode immediately preceding this occurrence, where Jesus tells the recently healed leper to “say nothing to anyone” (1:44). Of course the leper ignores these instructions and tells everyone, causing Jesus to move out into the country to avoid the crowd (1:45). For Mark, Jesus is the good news (1:1), and so when he does return home, there were so many people gathered that the paralytic’s friends can’t even approach the front door of the house. As the episode occurs early in his ministry, Mark defines the formula by which Jesus is operating as well as continues the announcement Jesus’ period of public ministry which began just a few paragraphs before. Mark defines him here as a person who will be in conflict with the Jewish authorities, and unlike them, one who possesses true authority both earthly and spiritual. He claims that Jesus is able to forgive sins, and because this utterance of Jesus to the paralytic- “your sins are forgiven” (2:5) – has precedence over the healing itself, this spiritual, invisible authority supersedes the earthly healing. In fact, Jesus indicates that the healing itself is only done in order to demonstrate the spiritual authority he is claiming to possess, and not as an end in and of itself (2:10). Jesus has only done minimal preaching up to this point (1:38) and only in Galilee, and so this short narrative serves to give the reader a window into what the message has been. Mark’s Kingdom of God is first and foremost an invisible, spiritual one whose earthly realities are only a result of spiritual ones. Jesus’ ministry, therefore, even from the very beginning, turns about the idea that Jesus is not simply an earth-bound superhuman; this man is no Greek hero going about the countryside doing miraculous deeds and gaining renown. He is not even simply another Jewish prophet. Jesus calls himself the ‘Son of Man’ for the first time here (2:10), comparing himself to Adam. Mark is claiming precedence for Jesus in what one might call the Jewish pantheon of ancient heroes, saying that the good news- which is Jesus himself- marks a new, spiritual beginning. It is an invisible reality that has come down to men from heaven, and although the people are only able to perceive the earthly effects of this new Kingdom of God, they still “glorified God, saying, ‘We have never seen anything like this!’” (2:12).
The Healing of the Paralytic is symptomatic of the existence of the Synoptic Problem (Brown 111) present in Matthew, Mark, and Luke. The reasoning goes that much of the material in these three Gospels- the pericope at hand being a conspicuous example- is too similar in content, style, and even wording to have been independently generated or orally transmitted. The above recounting of the story eliminates a number of differing details, but the majority accepted explanation of the striking similarity is that Mark was used as a source by Luke and by Matthew, and so the differences between Matthew and Mark and between Luke and Mark occasion special attention.
Matthew’s account of the event differs contextually from both the Markan and Lukan depictions, but these differences are at least partially not what one might expect. Matthew’s twenty seven chapters of content come close to doubling the mere sixteen chapters of Mark, yet in this particular instance, it is Matthew who is found wanting in detail and length. Why did Matthew leave out certain compelling details surrounding this miracle? Why did he remove the suffocating crowd, the inside environs, and the lowering of the mat through the roof (9:2)? Perhaps the evangelist simply has little taste for repertory, but it may also be that this section of text- falling between the Sermon on the Mount in chapters 5-7 and the sayings and parables beginning in chapter 10- is paced with the purpose of moving the story along as quick as possible. Matthew’s Christology has been described by some as being centered around the “Jewishness of Jesus”, and so it may be accurate to say that Matthew wants to move the story along to the parables and then on to Jerusalem, the center of the Jewish world. The small snapshots of action occurring in Galilee throughout Matthew are only chosen for inclusion in as much as they support Matthew’s thesis: Jesus is “the Messiah, the son of David, the son of Abraham” (1:1). Another interesting departure from Mark is Jesus’ words to the scribes, who are thinking to themselves “This man is blaspheming” (9:3). In Mark (as well as Luke), Jesus is not immediately confrontational and simply asks “Why do you raise such questions in your hearts?” (2:8). However, Matthew uses the much more hostile “Why do you think evil in your hearts?” (9:4). This hostility may seem to conflict with Matthew’s Hebrew-favoring theme; after all, the scribes represent the greatest and most educated Jewish scholars of the day. However, the import of Jesus standing up to these learned scribes in keeping with the consciousness of Jesus’ Jewish roots is immense. While in Mark Jesus has the precedence of Adam, the founder of humanity, Matthew’s Jesus has an authority reminiscent of Moses, the giver of the Torah. Along the same lines, another conspicuous departure from the Markan text becomes important to consider. Whereas as the Markan crowd is simply amazed by what they saw occur (Mar 2:12) and glorify God on this basis, the Mattean crowd’s reason for glorifying God is slightly different: “they glorified God, who had given such authority to human beings” (9:8). This addition on the part of Matthew reinforces the sort of new Moses Christology therein by depicting Christ’s authority as something given to him by God, much the same as all the prophets before him in what we may again refer to as the Jewish pantheon has received their authority to work miracles, beginning with Moses.
The third Evangelion professes from the outset to be an “orderly account” (1:3) of the Christ narrative, and so special attention should indeed be given to the order and context in which the Healing of the Paralytic occurs in the Gospel of Luke. Because the early sequence of events depicted in Luke does not differ greatly from that recounted in Mark, some of the same observations can be made. The episode is again early in his ministry, helping to define a burgeoning conflict with the Jewish authorities as a result of Jesus’ own claims to authority, such as the right to forgive sins. However, while in Mark there is an obvious focus on the spiritual nature of the Kingdom of God, and on Jesus’ spiritual authority, this does not seem to be the whole picture with Luke. A careful reading of the entire Gospel and its sequel, Acts, reveals Luke’s preoccupation with the earthly facets of the message of Christ. There is a focus on leaving behind earthly possessions throughout- although this is admittedly contradicted slightly by Jesus’ imperative “take your bed and go to your home” (5:24); perhaps Jesus wisely understood that no one would want that worn, decrepit mat anyway. Nonetheless, Luke writes his works fully conscious of fitting the narrative of Christ and the church into the context of a universal nature of God’s Kingdom; Luke is, after all, believed to be a gentile, or at least intimately connected with the gentile branch of the church. The only recognizable adjustment Luke makes to the Markan narrative is to stress this Kingdom of God paradigm. Mark simply reports that a large crowd invaded Jesus’ home and made it impossible for the friends of the paralytic to enter, but Luke considers it important to inform us that “they had come from every village of Galilee and Judea and from Jerusalem” (5:17). The universal draw of Christ across the Jewish world is highlighted just enough to give us insight into Luke’s purpose for this depiction: this man Jesus was not just for Capernaum, and not just for Galilee. This theme comes to fruition later when Luke completes his story, and Christ’s message becomes preached throughout the world. The only other notable addition that Luke mentions about Jesus’ miracle is that “the power of the Lord was with him to heal” (5:17). This seems like an obvious statement to make, especially considering what happens just a few short sentences later. However, the similarity of this statement to the one previously referenced in Matthew 9:8, “they glorified God, who had given such authority to human beings” (emphasis added), is interesting to note. It may be that both Matthew and Luke, having written some time after Mark, are each attempting in their own way to correct a theological disagreement within the church during the time they are writing. Indeed, it seems just the sort of thing that Luke, a self-described expert on the life of Christ (chapter 1), would do. Had there been a disagreement regarding Christ’s diety? Perhaps Luke (and Matthew as well) is here arguing for a Christology where Jesus’ authority to heal is less inherent to his nature and more derived from God’s power through him. Luke, the writer of Acts, is obviously interested in the idea of God giving power to man in order to do miraculous healings. It may instead be that Luke wants to explain the mechanics behind mere men such as Peter and Paul effecting great miracles such as those done by Jesus of Nazareth. Whatever the reason, it is odd that both Luke and Matthew chose this specific miracle in which to insert a commentary on the theological basis of Christ’s miracles, unless one considers the possibility of another source common to both Luke and Matthew, or the Q- a commonly held hypothesis in New Testament scholarship today. A Q source may have contained a brief explanation of Jesus’ miraculous powers in the context of the paralytic pericope, thereby explaining this commonality between Matthew and Luke. It is impossible to know for sure.
What is possible to know, however, is that even with the differences in theme, focus, and detail among the Synoptic Gospels, the testimony surrounding the Healing of the Paralytic is an important and compelling episode of the Jesus narrative from both a literary and devotional perspective. The accounts are harmonious enough that it would be a stretch, even considering the many contrasts recounted here, to search for disagreement among the evangelists on this subject. Harmony, not dissonance, is the most obvious feature. Even so, it is amazing to observe the degree to which the Gospel writers’ themes and intentions permeate their pericopes about a short episode obtained from essentially the same source(s), containing essentially the same language. It is probably for this reason that the Gospels of the New Testament stand alone in literature as a unique genre, the fathoms of which will continue to be explored for centuries to come.